A · Moneywise Dictionary

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A-Share An A Share is a domestic Chinese company stock traded in local currency on mainland exchanges.
AAA Rating AAA Rating is the highest score a rating agency can give a bond, bank or country, meaning the risk of it failing to pay you back is about as small as risk gets.
AADFI AADFI is the Association of African Development Finance Institutions, a network that helps banks funding Africa's growth share ideas, standards and strength.
ABA Routing Number ABA Routing Number: a nine digit code that identifies a bank in the United States, used to receive wires or set up direct deposits from America.
Abandonment Abandonment 2 is when someone deliberately gives up ownership or rights to an asset, a claim, or a contract, walking away completely and without a fight.
Abandonment Option Abandonment Option is the right a business keeps to quit a project early and cut losses, instead of being forced to see it through no matter what.
Abbreviated Accounts Abbreviated Accounts are the short, simplified version of a company's financial statements that small businesses can file instead of the full, detailed set.
Abc Method Abc Method is a way of ranking your stock or spare parts by how much value they carry.
Abcp Abcp (asset backed commercial paper) is a short term IOU that a company issues, backed by a pool of assets like loans or invoices, to raise quick cash.
Abenomics Abenomics was Japan's plan to fix decades of low growth by printing money, spending big on public projects, and loosening old business rules all at once.
Ability to Pay Ability to Pay describes whether your real income can comfortably cover a loan or debt, after your normal bills and life have already taken their share.
Abnormal Return Abnormal Return is the extra profit or loss a stock hands you above what its normal risk and the market's mood would predict, whether from luck, skill, or news.
Above Par Above Par means a bond is trading for more than its face value, so you would pay more than ₦1,000 today for a bond that only promises to repay ₦1,000 later.
Above the Line Above the Line means the trading profit a business makes from its normal, everyday operations, before tax, interest and one time items are added or removed.
Above The Line 2 Above The Line 2 sorts costs above operating profit, showing what a business earns before extra charges.
Abridged Accounts Abridged Accounts are a shortened, simplified version of a company's full financial statements, filed by small companies that qualify for less disclosure.
Absolute Advantage Absolute Advantage is when a country or person can produce something using fewer resources or less time than another, plain and simple, no comparison needed.
Absolute Rate Absolute Rate is the plain, stated interest rate on a loan or investment, with no adjustment for inflation, fees, or anything else clouding the number.
Absolute Rate Swap Absolute Rate Swap is a deal where two parties trade fixed and floating interest rates using the actual rate, not a spread.
Absolute Return Absolute Return is the actual money an investment makes or loses over a period, full stop, with no comparison to any index or benchmark.
Absorption Costing Absorption costing is a way of pricing goods that shares out every cost of production, including rent and machine time, into the cost of each item made.
Abstract of Title Abstract of Title is the written history of who has owned a property and what claims or debts have ever been attached to it, from the earliest record to today.
Abusive Tax Shelter Abusive Tax Shelter means a scheme dressed up as legal tax planning but built mainly to dodge tax unfairly.
Abx Abx refers to the ABX Index, a set of tradable indices that track the value of subprime mortgage backed bonds, used to gauge risk in that market.
Aca Aca is a shortcut people use for Associate Chartered Accountant, a professional who has passed core accounting exams but not yet earned full chartered status.
Acca Acca is a betting slang term for combining several predictions into a single wager, where every leg must win before you collect anything at all.
Accelerated Depreciation Accelerated depreciation is a way of writing off an asset's cost faster in its early years, so a business pays less tax now and more later.
Accelerated Vesting Accelerated vesting is when shares or benefits you were meant to earn slowly become fully yours at once, usually because of an exit, a sale, or a job loss.
Acceleration Clause An acceleration clause lets a lender demand the entire loan back immediately if you breach the agreement, and it is in almost every contract you sign.
Acceptance Acceptance is a bank or drawee's written promise to pay a bill of exchange or draft when it falls due, turning a request for payment into a firm obligation.
Acceptance (Contract Law) Acceptance 1 is the moment a person agrees to the exact terms offered, sealing a deal with no changes.
Acceptance 2 Acceptance 2 means a bank's written promise to pay a bill of exchange when it matures, making that debt tradeable.
Acceptance Credit Acceptance Credit is a bank's written promise to pay a trade bill later, which lets a seller get paid now while the buyer settles at a future date.
Acceptance Supra Protest Acceptance Supra Protest describes someone stepping in to pay a bill of exchange after it has been refused, saving a reputation.
Accepting House Accepting House is a bank that puts its own name behind a trader's bill of exchange, so strangers will trust it and accept it as good as cash.
Accepting Houses Committee Accepting Houses Committee was a group of elite London merchant banks that once decided which bills of exchange the market would trust without blinking.
Acceptor Acceptor is the person or bank that agrees in writing to pay a bill of exchange when it falls due, turning a promise into a debt they must honour.
Access Bank Access Bank is one of Nigeria's biggest banks, built through a string of bold mergers that turned a small lender into a giant across Africa and beyond.
Accommodation Bill Accommodation Bill: a signed promise to pay that is not backed by any real trade or goods, used purely so someone can raise cash from a bank or another party.
Accommodation Endorsement Accommodation Endorsement is when someone signs a cheque or note to help another person get it accepted or funded, without getting any of the money themselves.
Accommodation Endorser Accommodation Endorser is someone who signs a loan or cheque to help another person qualify, without getting any of the money themselves.
Accommodation Note Accommodation Note: a note or cheque someone signs to help a friend or relative get credit, without getting any of the money themselves.
Account Account: a record the bank keeps of your money, showing what came in, what went out, and what is left, so you can prove and track your funds.
Account 2 Account 2 is the second savings or current account many Nigerians keep, often for a specific goal like rent or business.
Account 3 Account 3 is the informal Nigerian habit of keeping a third, hidden account that nobody else knows about.
Account 5 Account 5 is Nigeria's old CBN code for the special naira account foreign investors used to bring money in and out of the country.
Account Aggregation Account aggregation is the tool that pulls all your bank, savings, and investment accounts into one screen so you can see your full money consider at once.
Account Balance Account balance is the amount of money sitting in your account at a given moment, after every credit and debit has been counted.
Account Day Account Day is the fixed date when a stock exchange settles trades and buyers actually pay for shares bought earlier.
Account Freeze An account freeze is when your bank blocks access to your money, and it happens more often in Nigeria than people expect.
Account History Account History is the full record of everything that has moved through your bank account, and it calmly becomes the story banks and lenders use to judge you.
Account in Trust Account in Trust is a bank account one person manages on behalf of another, often a child or relative, until that person can control the money themselves.
Account Number Account Number is the set of digits that identifies your exact bank account, so money lands in your pocket and not your namesake's.
Account Payee Only Account Payee Only is an instruction written across a cheque that says the money can only enter the bank account of the exact person or business named on it.
Account Reconciliation Account reconciliation is the habit of checking your own records against your bank statement so the two stories of your money finally agree.
Account Statement Account Statement is the full record of everything that moved in and out of your bank account over a period, so you know exactly where your money went.
Accountability Accountability means being honest and answerable for what happens to money that passes through your hands, whether it is yours or someone else's.
Accountant An accountant keeps and interprets financial records, and a good one usually saves you more than they cost.
Accounting Accounting is the practice of recording, sorting and explaining a business's money story so owners, tax people and lenders can trust the numbers.
Accounting Concepts Accruals Concept Accounting Concepts Accruals Concept means recording income and expenses when they happen, not when the cash actually lands or leaves.
Accounting Concepts Going Concern Concept Accounting Concepts Going Concern Concept assumes a business will keep running long enough to use its assets and pay its debts, not shut down tomorrow.
Accounting Concepts Prudence Concept Accounting Concepts Prudence Concept means recording possible losses immediately but only counting profits once they are certain.
Accounting Council Accounting Council is the government body that sets the rules and standards Nigerian accountants and companies must follow when preparing financial statements.
Accounting Cycle Accounting Cycle is the repeating set of steps a business follows to record, sort and close its financial activity, month after month, year after year.
Accounting Directive Accounting Directive is a rulebook from a regulator or government body that tells companies exactly how to prepare and present their financial statements.
Accounting Entity Reporting Entity Accounting Entity Reporting Entity means a business's money is counted separately from the owner's personal money, always.
Accounting Equation Accounting Equation: the rule that everything a business owns must be explained by what it owes others or what belongs to the owner, always balanced.
Accounting Package Accounting Package is software that records what a business earns, spends and owes, so the owner can see the true state of the money without guessing.
Accounting Period Accounting Period: the fixed stretch of time, often a month, quarter, or year, that a business uses to close its books and tell the story of what happened.
Accounting Period 1 Accounting Period 1 is the fixed stretch of time, often a month, quarter or year, a business uses to close its books and measure how it performed.
Accounting Period 2 Accounting Period 2 is the fixed stretch of time, often a month, quarter or year, that a business uses to close its books and measure how it actually performed.
Accounting Principles Accounting principles are the agreed rules for recording and reporting money matters so that anyone reading a business's books can trust the numbers.
Accounting Rate of Return Accounting Rate of Return is the percentage profit an asset generates each year compared to the initial money put into it.
Accounting Ratio Accounting Ratio Financial Ratio 2 shows how two numbers on a company's books compare, telling a bigger story than either alone.
Accounting Reference Date Accounting Reference Date Ard Reporting Date is the official day a business stops counting money to prepare its yearly books.
Accounting Scandals Accounting scandals happen when a company's books are dressed up with lies to hide losses or inflate profit, and Enron is the famous example everyone quotes.
Accounting Standards Accounting Standards are the agreed rules that tell companies how to record and report money, so one business's ₦100,000 profit means the same as another's.
Accounting Standards Board Asb Accounting Standards Board ASB was the old United Kingdom body that wrote the rules for how companies must present their accounts.
Accounts Modernization Directive Accounts Modernization Directive is a bank or regulator order to move record keeping from old paper or outdated systems to modern digital accounting standards.
Accounts Payable Accounts payable is money you owe to suppliers for goods already received, and managing it well is free financing for your business.
Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable is money customers owe you for goods already delivered, and it is the most dangerous asset a Nigerian business holds.
Accredited Investor Accredited investor is someone the law believes has enough money or experience to handle risky investments that ordinary retail investors are kept away from.
Accretion Accretion is the slow, steady growth in value of something over time, like a bond inching closer to its full worth, or a deal that adds more than it costs.
Accrual Accounting Accrual accounting records income when it is earned and costs when they are incurred, rather than when the money actually moves.
Accrued Expenses Accrued expenses are bills a business already owes for something it has used or enjoyed, even though no invoice has landed and no cash has left the account yet.
Accrued Income Accrued income is money you have earned and are owed for work or service already delivered, even though the cheque or transfer has not landed yet.
Accrued Interest Accrued interest is the interest that has built up on a bond since the last payment date, which the buyer owes the seller when a bond changes hands.
Accrued Liability Accrued liability is money a business already owes for something it has used or benefited from, even though no bill or cheque has changed hands yet.
Accumulated Depreciation Accumulated depreciation is the total value an asset has lost over its life, and ignoring it is how businesses forget to replace their own equipment.
Accumulation Phase Accumulation phase is the stretch of your working life when you are putting money into savings, pension or investments instead of drawing it out.
Acid Test Ratio Acid Test Ratio measures whether a business can pay its immediate bills using only cash and near cash, leaving out stock that may take time to sell.
Acquirer Acquirer is the company that buys another company, taking control of its shares, assets, or both in a deal.
Acquisition Acquisition is when one company buys another, taking control of its shares, assets or both, often to grow faster than starting from scratch.
Acquisition Cost Acquisition cost is the full price a business pays to buy an asset or another company, including every extra fee needed to get the deal done.
Acquisition Financing Acquisition financing is the money a company borrows or raises to buy another company, using debt, equity, or a mix of both to fund the deal.
Active Income Active income is money you earn by working, and it stops the moment you do, which is the whole problem with it.
Active Investing Active Investing means picking and trading specific shares yourself, or paying a manager to do so, hoping to beat the market rather than just match it.
Active Listening Active listening is giving someone your full attention when they speak, so you understand them properly instead of just waiting for your turn to talk.
Active Management Active management is when a fund manager picks and trades investments by hand, trying to beat the market rather than just copy it.
Activity Ratio Activity Ratio measures how well a business uses what it owns, like stock, cash and equipment, to generate sales and keep money moving.
Activity-Based Costing Activity Based Costing is a way of pricing what you sell by tracking exactly what each activity behind it truly costs you, more than guessing.
Actuary Actuary is the professional who uses numbers and life patterns to work out how much risk really costs, so insurance and pension prices make sense.
Ad Valorem Tax Ad Valorem Tax means a tax charged as a percentage of the value of something, so the more it is worth, the more tax you pay.
Adaptive Expectations Adaptive Expectations describes how people predict future inflation mainly by looking at recent inflation, adjusting their guess slowly as new prices come in.
Adashe Adashe is a traditional northern Nigerian rotating savings group where members pool money together regularly.
Add-On Interest Add On Interest is a way of calculating loan interest on the full amount you borrowed, for the whole loan term, even as you pay the balance down.
Additional Paid-In Capital Additional Paid In Capital is the extra money shareholders pay above the face value of shares when a company raises capital.
Adjustable Rate Mortgage Adjustable Rate Mortgage is a home loan whose interest rate can rise or fall over time, so your monthly payment is not fixed for life.
Adjusted Cost Base Adjusted Cost Base is the true cost of something you own, after adding fees and extra spending, used to work out your real profit when you sell.
Adjusted EBITDA Adjusted EBITDA is a company's earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation, with one off or unusual costs stripped out too.
Adjusted Gross Income Adjusted Gross Income is your total income minus specific allowable deductions, the figure tax authorities actually use before applying reliefs or allowances.
Adjusting Entry Adjusting Entry is the correction a business makes to its books at month end so the accounts show what truly happened, more than what cash moved.
Administrative Expenses Administrative expenses are the costs of running the office and keeping the business organised, not the costs of making or selling anything.
ADR ADR is a certificate that lets someone in New York or London buy shares in a foreign company, like a Nigerian bank, without leaving their local stock exchange.
Advance Advance is money a bank or an employer gives you before the usual time, ahead of your salary or as a loan you will pay back with interest.
Advance Fee Fraud Advance fee fraud is the scam where you are asked to pay a small sum to receive a much larger one, and Nigeria carries its reputation.
Advance Payment Advance Payment is money you pay before you get the goods or service, a show of good faith that the deal is real and both sides mean business.
Adverse Selection Adverse Selection is the tendency for the people most likely to make a claim to be the ones most eager to buy insurance, which calmly tilts the risk pool.
Advisory Board Advisory Board is a small group of experienced people a business leans on for guidance, without giving them a vote on company decisions.
Affiliate Marketing Affiliate marketing is earning a commission for helping someone else sell their product, usually by sharing a special link that tracks your referral.
Affirmative Covenant Affirmative Covenant is a promise in a loan agreement where the borrower agrees to actively do certain things, like filing taxes or keeping insurance current.
Affordable Housing Affordable housing means homes priced so that a person on a normal income can pay for them without starving the rest of their budget.
African Continental Free Trade Area African Continental Free Trade Area is the deal joining African countries into one big market, so goods move across borders with less tax and less delay.
African Development Bank African Development Bank is a lender owned by African governments and outside partners that funds roads, power, and other big projects across the continent.
African Export-Import Bank African Export Import Bank is a pan African bank that lends money and guarantees to help African countries and businesses trade with each other and the world.
Afrinvest Afrinvest is a Nigerian investment banking and research firm known for its detailed reports on the economy, the stock market and companies listed on the NGX.
After-Hours Trading After Hours Trading is the buying and selling of shares that happens after the official stock exchange has closed for the day.
After-Tax Income After Tax Income is the money that actually lands in your account once tax, pension and other deductions have already been taken out.
After-Tax Return After Tax Return is the profit you actually keep from an investment once tax has taken its cut, and it is the only return that truly matters.
Agency Banking Agency banking is where a licensed bank appoints small businesses to serve customers on its behalf, so a kiosk can take your deposit or pay out your cash.
Agency Bond Agency Bond: a bond issued by a government backed agency rather than the government itself, offering a bit more return for a small extra pinch of risk.
Agency Costs Agency Costs are the losses a business suffers when the people running it act in their own interest rather than the owner's interest.
Agency Problem Agency Problem is the friction that happens when the people running a company have different interests from the people who own it.
Agency Theory Agency theory explains what happens when the person managing your money does not have the exact same interest as you, the person who owns the money.
Aggregate Demand Aggregate Demand is the total amount everyone in a country wants to spend on goods and services at a given time, the engine behind growth or slowdown.
Aggregate Supply Aggregate supply is the total amount of goods and services that all the businesses in a country are willing and able to produce at a given price level.
Aggressive Growth Fund Aggressive Growth Fund is a fund that chases fast capital growth by buying riskier, fast moving shares, accepting big swings for the chance of big returns.
Aggressive Investor Aggressive Investor is someone who accepts big swings and possible losses in their portfolio because they are chasing bigger returns over time.
Aging of Receivables Aging of Receivables is a report that sorts customer debts by how long they have been unpaid, so a business can see which money is going cold.
Aging Schedule Aging Schedule is a list that sorts a business's unpaid customer invoices by how long they have been outstanding, so you can see who owes what and for how long.
Agribusiness Agribusiness is the business of farming and food, covering everything from planting and processing to packaging and selling what the land produces.
Agricultural Cooperative Agricultural Cooperative: a group of farmers who pool money, land, tools or produce so they can buy, sell and borrow on terms none of them could get alone.
AI in Finance AI in Finance means using computer systems that learn from data to help with things like lending decisions, fraud detection, budgeting and investing.
Air Cargo Insurance Air Cargo Insurance covers goods sent by air against loss, damage or theft while in transit, so a bad flight does not mean a total loss for the sender.
Ajo Ajo is a traditional rotating savings circle where members pool regular contributions and take turns collecting the total lump sum.
Algorithmic Trading Algorithmic Trading means using computer programs to buy and sell shares automatically, based on rules, without a human clicking the button each time.
Alimony Alimony is money one former spouse pays the other after a divorce, to help them keep a reasonable standard of living for a period agreed or ordered by a court.
All-Inclusive Mortgage All Inclusive Mortgage is a loan where the seller wraps their existing mortgage into a new one they give the buyer, and collects one combined payment.
Allocation Allocation is how you share out your money among different investments, so one bad outcome cannot sink your whole plan.
Allotment Allotment is the moment a company officially hands you the shares you applied and paid for, often fewer than you asked for when the offer was oversubscribed.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Allowance for Doubtful Accounts is the amount a business sets aside for customer debts it suspects will never be paid, so its books tell the truth.
Alpha Alpha is the extra return an investment makes above what a fair benchmark says it should have made, proof of real skill rather than luck.
Alternative Asset Alternative Asset is anything you invest in outside the usual stocks, bonds and cash, like property, gold, art, or a friend's business.
Alternative Investment Alternative Investment is any way of growing your money that sits outside stocks, bonds and cash, like land, gold, art, or a friend's rice farm.
Alternative Minimum Tax Alternative Minimum Tax is a United States backup tax that stops wealthy filers using deductions and credits to shrink their bill below a certain floor.
Amalgamation Amalgamation is when two or more companies come together and pour their businesses into one new or existing company, so the old ones stop existing separately.
American Bankers Association American Bankers Association is the trade body for banks in the United States, the group behind that nine digit routing number on every American cheque.
American Option American Option is a contract that lets you buy or sell the underlying asset at any time before it expires, more than on the expiry day itself.
Amortisation Amortisation is paying off a loan in regular instalments, where early payments are mostly interest and later ones mostly principal.
Amortisation Schedule Amortisation Schedule is the full table showing how each loan repayment splits between interest and principal until the balance reaches zero.
Amortising Loan Amortising Loan: a loan you repay in regular instalments that cover both interest and a bit of the amount you borrowed, until the balance hits zero.
Anchoring Bias Anchoring bias is letting the first number you hear shape every judgement afterwards, even when that number was meaningless.
Angel Investor An angel investor is a wealthy individual who puts their own money into a young business, usually very early and in exchange for equity.
Annual Equivalent Rate Annual Equivalent Rate is the yearly interest figure a savings or loan product would give you if compounding was included, so you can compare offers fairly.
Annual Fee Annual Fee is the yearly charge a bank takes from you for keeping and using a credit card or account, whether you spend much or little.
Annual General Meeting An annual general meeting is where shareholders can question the directors of a company they own, and almost no Nigerian retail investor attends.
Annual Percentage Rate The annual percentage rate is the true yearly cost of a loan including fees, which is the only number worth comparing between lenders.
Annual Percentage Yield Annual Percentage Yield is the real return your savings earn in a year once compounding is included, so you can compare accounts fairly.
Annual Report An annual report is the yearly document a listed company publishes about itself, and the most useful parts are the ones nobody reads.
Annual Return Annual Return is how much an investment made or lost over one year, shown as a percentage so you can compare it fairly with other options.
Annualised Return Annualised Return is the return an investment would give in a year if its growth rate stayed steady, used to compare gains fairly over different time periods.
Annuitant Annuitant is the person who receives regular payments from an annuity, usually as income after retirement, in exchange for a lump sum paid in earlier.
Annuity An annuity is a product that pays you a guaranteed income for life in exchange for a lump sum, which removes the fear of running out.
Annuity Due Annuity Due is a series of equal payments made at the start of each period rather than the end, like rent you pay the first day of the month, not the last.
Anomaly Anomaly is a pattern in the stock market that seems to break the usual rules of pricing, giving certain investors an edge that logic says should not exist.
Anti-Dilution Provision Anti Dilution Provision is a clause protecting an investor's ownership percentage or share value when a startup later sells shares at a lower price than before.
Anti-Money Laundering Anti money laundering is the set of rules banks must follow to stop criminal money entering the system, and it is why you are asked so many questions.
Anti-Trust Law Anti Trust Law is the set of rules that stop big companies from ganging up, fixing prices or crushing competition so smaller players still have a chance.
Apartheid Tax Apartheid Tax is the nickname for any tax system that calmly charges different people different rates for the same income, favouring one group over another.
Application Layer Application Layer is the part of a blockchain system you actually see and touch, the app or website sitting on top of all the complicated code underneath.
Appraisal Appraisal is a professional's independent estimate of what a property is truly worth, used mainly to protect a lender before they release mortgage money.
Appraisal Value Appraisal Value is a licensed valuer's professional opinion of what a property is truly worth, used by banks and buyers before money changes hands.
Appreciating Asset Appreciating Asset is anything you own that tends to grow in value over time, like land in Lekki or a well kept house in Manchester.
Appreciation Appreciation is when an asset, like a plot of land, a stock, or a currency, becomes worth more over time than what you originally paid for it.
Apprenticeship An apprenticeship is learning a trade by working under somebody who has mastered it, and in Nigeria it has built more businesses than any business school.
Approval in Principle Approval in Principle is a lender's early word that you likely qualify for a loan, based on a quick check, before the full paperwork and final yes.
Arbitrage Arbitrage means buying something in one place and selling it in another at the same time to pocket the price difference, with little or no risk.
Arbitrage Pricing Theory Arbitrage Pricing Theory is a way of explaining a share's return using several economic factors instead of just one, so mispriced opportunities can be spotted.
Arbitrageur Arbitrageur: someone who buys something cheap in one market and sells it dear in another, pocketing the gap before it closes.
ARM Money Market Fund ARM Money Market Fund is a Nigerian investment fund that pools savers' money into safe, short term instruments like treasury bills and pays out steady returns.
Arrears Arrears are payments you have missed and still owe, and how you behave in the first month decides almost everything that follows.
Articles of Association Articles of Association is the rulebook that spells out how a company is run, from how directors are appointed to how shares and profits are handled.
Articles of Incorporation Articles of Incorporation is the founding document that legally brings a company into existence and spells out its basic rules.
Ascending Triangle Ascending Triangle is a chart pattern where a stock keeps hitting the same price ceiling while its lows keep climbing, often hinting at a breakout upward.
Ask Price Ask Price is the amount a seller wants for a share or asset right now, the figure you see when you are about to buy, not sell.
Asset An asset is anything you own that has value, and the ones worth having put money into your pocket rather than taking it out.
Asset Allocation Asset allocation is how you divide your money between different types of investment, and it decides most of your result.
Asset Class Asset Class means a group of investments that behave alike, such as stocks, bonds, property, cash or commodities, each with its own risk and reward pattern.
Asset Coverage Ratio Asset Coverage Ratio measures how many times a company's tangible assets could pay off its debt if everything had to be sold to settle lenders.
Asset Management Asset management is the professional job of growing and protecting someone's money by choosing and watching over their investments for them.
Asset Management Company Asset Management Company is a licensed firm that invests people's money in stocks, bonds and other assets on their behalf, in exchange for a fee.
Asset Protection Asset Protection means arranging your money and property so that lawsuits, bad business deals or a single mistake cannot wipe out everything you have built.
Asset Stripping Asset stripping means buying a company not to run it but to sell off its valuable parts, often leaving the workers and the shell of the business worse off.
Asset Turnover Asset turnover measures how much revenue a business squeezes out of every naira tied up in its assets, showing how hard those assets are working.
Asset Under Management Asset Under Management is the total value of money a fund manager or investment platform looks after on behalf of clients, at any point in time.
Asset-Backed Security Asset Backed Security is an investment built from a bundle of loans, such as car loans or receivables, where investors earn returns as those loans get repaid.
Assignee Assignee is the person or company that a right, debt, or contract gets handed to, stepping into another party's shoes to collect or enforce it.
Assignment Assignment is when a lender sells or hands over your loan and the right to collect it to another company, who now owns your debt.
Assignor Assignor is the person or company that hands over their right to a debt, contract, or payment to someone else, called the assignee.
Assumable Mortgage Assumable Mortgage is a home loan that a buyer can take over from the seller, keeping the original interest rate and terms instead of applying for a fresh loan.
At Par At Par means a share or bond is trading at exactly its face value, no more and no less.
At the Money At the Money describes an option whose strike price is the same as, or very close to, the current market price of the asset it is based on.
Atomic Swap Atomic Swap is a direct exchange of two different cryptocurrencies between two people, with no middleman, and no chance of one side running off with the money.
Attribution Analysis Attribution analysis breaks down why a fund or portfolio made or lost money, separating skill from luck and stock picks from sector bets.
Auction Auction is how the government or the central bank sells bonds and treasury bills to investors who bid for how much interest they will accept.
Auction Market Auction market is a marketplace where buyers and sellers openly call out the prices they want, and a deal happens the moment someone on each side agrees.
Audit An audit is an independent examination of a company's accounts, and it exists because nobody should be trusted to mark their own work.
Audit Trail Audit trail is the paper and digital trail that shows who did what with money, and when, so anyone can retrace how a transaction happened.
Auditor Auditor: the independent person or firm that checks a company's financial statements and tells everyone, honestly, whether the numbers can be trusted.
Australian Dollar Australian Dollar (AUD) is the official money of Australia, and it matters to Nigerians who work, study, mine, or sell farm produce there and send money home.
Authentication Authentication is the proof a bank asks for to be sure the person doing a transaction is really who they claim to be, not an impostor.
Authorised Capital Authorised Capital is the maximum value of shares a company is allowed to issue, as stated in its registration documents at CAC.
Authorised Dealer Authorised Dealer is a bank or licensed operator that the Central Bank permits to legally buy and sell foreign currency for the public.
Authorised Shares Authorised Shares are the maximum number of shares a company's constitution allows it to ever issue, whether or not it has sold that many yet.
Authorised Signatory Authorised Signatory means the person a company, church, cooperative or family account officially permits to sign cheques and approve payments on its behalf.
Auto Loan Auto Loan is money you borrow to buy a car, which you repay in instalments while the car itself usually serves as security for the lender.
Automated Clearing House Automated Clearing House is the calm network that batches and moves payments like salaries and direct debits between banks without anyone touching cash.
Automated Savings Automated savings is money moved out of your account on a schedule you set once, so the saving happens before you get the chance to spend it.
Automated Teller Machine Automated Teller Machine is the small booth or machine that dispenses your own cash, checks your balance, and occasionally eats your card for no clear reason.
Automated Trading System Automated Trading System: software that buys and sells for you using set rules, so a machine reacts to the market faster than you can refresh your screen.
Available Balance Available Balance is the amount in your account that you can actually spend right now, after pending holds and uncleared cheques are set aside.
Available Credit Available Credit is the amount left on your credit card or loan facility that you can still spend before you hit your limit.
Average Annual Growth Rate Average Annual Growth Rate shows how much an investment grew each year on average, giving a simple yearly consider instead of one confusing total figure.
Average Cost Average Cost is the price you paid per unit for an investment on average, once every purchase at every price is blended into one figure.
Average Cost Basis Average Cost Basis is the average price you paid for shares or fund units bought at different times, used to work out your profit when you sell.
Average Daily Trading Volume Average Daily Trading Volume is the typical number of shares of a stock that change hands each day, averaged over a set period like 30 or 90 days.
Average Directional Index Average Directional Index is a chart tool that measures how strong a price trend is, whether prices are moving up or down, without telling you which direction.
Average Maturity Average Maturity is the average time left before the bonds or bills in a portfolio come due, used to judge how sensitive it is to interest rate changes.
Average Net Profit Average Net Profit is the typical profit a business makes after all expenses and tax, worked out over several years instead of just one.
Average Price Average Price is what you paid for a share on the whole, once you add up every purchase and divide by the total units, more than what you paid the last time.
Average Propensity to Consume Average Propensity to Consume is the share of your total income that you spend rather than save, worked out by dividing spending by income.
Average Propensity to Save Average Propensity to Save is the share of every ₦1 of income a person or a country tucks away instead of spending, expressed as savings divided by income.
Average Return Average Return is the typical yearly gain an investment has made over a period, found by adding up the yearly returns and dividing by the number of years.
Average True Range Average True Range measures how much a stock or asset typically moves in a day, showing you its normal restlessness rather than its direction.
Avoidance Goals Avoidance Goals are money targets built around fear, like not going broke or not being embarrassed, instead of around something you actually want to gain.
Awareness Stage Awareness Stage is the point where a customer just realises they have a problem, before they even know your product or any solution exists.