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O 171 words

Oando Oando is a Nigerian oil and gas company listed on the NGX, one of the few local energy firms that grew from trading fuel to owning oil fields.
Obama Care Obama Care is the popular name for the Affordable Care Act, a United States law that made health insurance easier to get and harder to be refused for.
Objective Objective means the specific, measurable target a business sets to know if it is winning, like selling 500 bags of rice by December, more than wanting to grow.
Obligation Obligation is the duty to pay back what you owe or do what you promised, whether it is a loan, a bill, or a signed agreement with someone.
Obligor Obligor is the person or company legally bound to pay a debt or keep a promise made in a loan, bond, or contract.
Observation Period Observation Period is the stretch of time a structured investment watches a price or index before deciding what it pays you or takes from you.
Obsolescence Obsolescence is when an asset still works but has lost its value because something newer, cheaper or better has taken its place.
OCC OCC is the Options Clearing Corporation, the calm American body that guarantees every options trade actually settles, even if one side disappears.
Occupational Pension Occupational Pension is the retirement savings plan your employer sets up for you, usually with both of you contributing every month until you retire.
Occupational Safety Occupational safety means the protections and practices that keep you from being injured, poisoned, or killed by the work you do to earn a living.
Occupational Therapy Occupational Therapy is a health career that helps people relearn or adapt daily tasks like dressing, cooking or working, after illness, injury or disability.
Occupier Occupier means the person actually living in or using a property, whether they own it, rent it, or just have permission to be there.
Odd Lot Odd Lot is a share purchase smaller than the standard trading bundle, often harder to sell quickly and sometimes priced a little less kindly.
Odd Pricing Odd Pricing is the trick of pricing something at ₦4,999 instead of ₦5,000 so it feels cheaper than it really is.
OECD OECD is a club of mostly rich countries that trade notes on policy, set standards, and calmly shape the rules the rest of the world ends up following.
Off Balance Sheet Off Balance Sheet describes money owed or risk carried by a company that never shows up on its main balance sheet, so the books look cleaner than reality.
Off Market Off market means a deal to buy or sell shares happens directly between two parties, away from the stock exchange's public trading floor.
Off Peak Off Peak means the calm hours when demand drops and prices follow it down, and smart businesses use that gap to make money twice.
Offer Offer means the specific promise you make to a customer, what they get, for what price, on what terms, and it decides whether they buy or scroll past.
Offer Price Offer Price is the price a seller is willing to sell an asset for, the figure you must meet if you want to buy right now.
Offering Offering is when a company sells its shares or bonds to the public or to select investors, usually to raise money for growth or to pay down debt.
Offering Circular Offering Circular: the document that tells you exactly what a company is selling, at what price, and what could go wrong before you commit your money.
Offering Memorandum Offering Memorandum is the detailed document a company gives serious investors, laying out the business, the risks and the terms before they commit their money.
Office Address Office Address is the physical or registered location a business gives to CAC, banks, and customers, and it can be a shop, a home, or a rented desk.
Office Building Office building means a property built mainly for businesses to rent and work from, and it earns money through leases rather than a monthly salary.
Office Space Office Space is the physical room, whether one desk or a whole floor, that a business rents or owns to carry out its work.
Officer Officer means a senior title such as Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer, given to the person answerable for one big area of a company.
Officer of the Court Officer of the Court is a legal term for a lawyer, whose first duty in any deal is to the truth and the law, not to the client paying the bill.
Official Cheque Official Cheque is a cheque a bank issues and guarantees with its own funds, so the person receiving it does not have to worry about it bouncing.
Official Receiver Official Receiver is the government appointed officer who steps in to manage a bankrupt person's or wound up company's affairs and settle its debts fairly.
Official Settlement Account Official Settlement Account is the record of how a country pays or gets paid at the end of its dealings with the rest of the world, government to government.
Offset Offset is when a bank or lender uses money you have in one account to calmly settle a debt you owe in another, without asking you first.
Offset Account Offset Account is a savings account linked to your loan so its balance calmly reduces the amount you pay interest on, saving you money over time.
Offshore Account Offshore Account is a bank account you hold outside your home country, often used for savings, business or protection from currency wahala.
Offshore Banking Offshore banking means keeping your money in a bank account outside your own country, often for tax planning, privacy, or currency safety.
Offshore Fund Offshore Fund: a pool of money invested outside your home country, often in dollars or pounds, so Nigerians can hold assets beyond the naira and local market.
Offshore Investment Offshore investment means putting your money into assets, funds or accounts outside Nigeria, usually to earn in dollars or pounds and escape naira wahala.
Offshoring Offshoring is when a business moves part of its work, like customer service or accounting, to a company or team in another country, usually to save money.
Oil Oil is the crude petroleum Nigeria sells abroad, and its price swings decide how fat or thin the government's budget and the naira's strength will be.
Oil Benchmark Price Oil benchmark price is the dollars per barrel Nigeria builds its yearly budget on, and the gap between that figure and the real price decides the shortfall.
Oil Crisis Oil Crisis is a sharp shock to the price or supply of crude oil that shakes economies like Nigeria's which depend heavily on oil money to survive.
Oil ETF Oil ETF is a fund you buy on the stock market that rises and falls with the price of oil, without you ever needing to own a single barrel.
Oil Producer Oil producer is a company that finds crude oil underground and pumps it out of the ground or sea, before anyone refines it into petrol or kerosene.
Oil Refining Oil refining is the process of turning crude oil into usable products like petrol, diesel and kerosene, and the business of building plants that do this.
Oligopoly Oligopoly is a market where just a few big companies control almost everything, so they rarely compete hard on price and often move as one.
OMO Bills OMO bills are short term securities the Central Bank sells to mop up excess money in the banking system, and they have paid attractive yields.
On Balance Volume On Balance Volume is a chart tool that adds or subtracts a stock's trading volume each day to show whether the big money is calmly buying or selling.
On Call On Call means money placed with a bank that earns interest but can be withdrawn any day without notice, sitting between a savings account and a fixed deposit.
On Demand On Demand means a product or service is made, delivered or activated only when a customer actually asks for it, not before.
On Margin On margin means investing with money you borrowed from your broker, using your own funds as a small deposit and hoping the trade grows faster than the debt.
On The Money On the money means a guess, a plan, or a figure that turns out exactly right, spot on with no adjustment needed.
Onboarding Onboarding is the process of settling a new customer, employee or user into a business smoothly, so they understand what to do and stick around.
One Cancels Other One Cancels Other (OCO) is a pair of stock orders where if one executes, the other is automatically cancelled, so you never end up holding both.
One Off One Off means a cost or gain that happens just once and should not be mistaken for a pattern in a company's normal earnings.
One Person Business One Person Business is a company owned and run by a single individual, who handles everything from the buying to the selling to the late night worrying.
One Time Item One time item is a cost or gain in a company's accounts that happened once and is not expected to repeat, so it should not be read as part of normal earnings.
One Year Rule One Year Rule: the requirement that you hold an asset for at least twelve months before selling it, so any profit qualifies for a lower rate of tax.
Online Banking Online banking is doing your banking on a computer or phone through your bank's website or app, without joining any queue at the branch.
Online Brokerage Online Brokerage lets you buy and sell shares from your phone, doing in seconds what used to take a suit, a broker's office, and a whole afternoon.
Online Course Online Course: internet based training you pay for or take free to build a skill, and the money question is whether you actually finish it and use it.
Online Marketplace Online Marketplace: a website or app where many different sellers list goods or services for buyers to find, compare and pay for, all in one place.
Onshoring Onshoring means a company moves the making of its goods or the running of its services back to its home country instead of abroad.
OPEC OPEC is the group of oil producing countries that coordinate production to influence the oil price, and Nigeria's budget depends on it.
Open Account Open Account is a trade deal where the seller sends goods first and trusts the buyer to pay later, no upfront cash, no bank guarantee standing between them.
Open Architecture Open Architecture is a bank or investment platform that lets you buy financial products from other providers too, instead of forcing you to use only its own.
Open Banking Open Banking is a system that lets you allow one bank or app to see your account data or move your money from another bank, safely and with your permission.
Open Economy Open Economy means a country trades, borrows, invests and lets money flow freely across its borders instead of sealing itself off from the rest of the world.
Open End Fund Open End Fund is a mutual fund that creates or cancels units on demand, so it never runs out of room for new investors.
Open End Mortgage Open End Mortgage is a home loan that lets you borrow again from the same facility after you have already started paying it down, without opening a new loan.
Open Interest Open Interest is the total number of contracts in a futures or options market that are still open and have not been closed or settled.
Open Listing Open Listing means you allow several estate agents to hunt for a buyer for your property at once, and only the one who actually brings the buyer gets paid.
Open Market Open Market is a place where buyers and sellers meet freely and prices move by bargaining and supply, not by government order or a single seller's say.
Open Market Operation Open Market Operation is how the Central Bank of Nigeria sells or buys government securities to pull money out of, or push money into, the banking system.
Open Market Operations Open Market Operations is how the central bank buys or sells government securities to control how much money is moving around in the economy.
Open Order Open Order is an instruction to buy or sell a stock at a price you set, left standing with your broker until it is filled or you cancel it.
Open Outcry Open Outcry is the old way of trading where dealers shout prices and use hand signals on a physical floor, instead of clicking buttons on a screen.
Open Position Open Position means you still have money sitting inside a trade or investment that has not been closed, so its final result is not yet decided.
Open Source Open source means the code behind a software is free for anyone to see, use, change and share, rather than locked away as someone's secret recipe.
Operating Activities Operating Activities are the cash a business makes or spends from its actual daily trade, the buying, selling, and paying that keeps the lights on.
Operating Budget Operating Budget is the plan for your regular, repeating money in and money out, the ordinary running costs of a household or business over a set period.
Operating Cash Flow Operating Cash Flow is the actual cash a business generates from its normal trading, after removing the accounting entries that never touched a bank account.
Operating Company Operating Company is the business that actually trades and earns money, as opposed to a holding company that just owns shares in it.
Operating Cost Operating Cost is the money a business spends to keep running day to day, like rent, salaries and electricity, before any loan interest or tax comes into it.
Operating Cycle Operating cycle is the time it takes a business to turn cash into stock, stock into sales, and sales back into cash in hand.
Operating Expense Operating expense is the everyday cost of keeping a business running, like rent, salaries and light bills, before any interest or tax is subtracted.
Operating Income Operating income is the profit a business earns from its main trade alone, before tax and interest and any one off gains or losses are added in.
Operating Lease Operating Lease is a rental deal where you use an asset like equipment or a car for a period without owning it or listing it as a heavy asset on your books.
Operating Leverage Operating leverage is how much a company's profit swings when sales change, based on how many of its costs are fixed rather than variable.
Operating Loss Operating Loss is when a business spends more running its core trade than it earns from that trade, before tax and interest even enter the conversation.
Operating Margin Operating margin is the percentage of every ₦1 in sales that a company keeps after paying for the things it takes to actually run the business.
Operating Profit Operating profit is what a business earns from its main trade after paying the everyday costs of running it, before tax and loan interest are taken out.
Operating Ratio Operating Ratio measures how much of a company's revenue gets eaten up by the everyday cost of running the business, before interest and tax come in.
Operating Revenue Operating revenue is the money a business earns from its main trade, not from selling an old van or winning a court case.
Operating System Operating system, in a business sense, is the set of routines, roles and rules that let a company run smoothly even when the owner is not watching.
Operational Risk Operational risk is the danger a bank loses money not from bad loans or market swings, but from its own systems, people, or processes failing.
Operations Operations is the daily engine work that turns a business idea into food served, goods delivered, or services rendered, again and again, without drama.
Opinion Opinion is what you believe about money before you have checked it against a number, a fact, or a receipt.
Opportunity Opportunity is a chance to turn money, time, or skill into something better, and it only pays off if you actually take it.
Opportunity Cost Opportunity cost is what you gave up in order to choose something else, and it is the real price of every decision.
Opportunity Fund Opportunity Fund is a pot of money kept ready in cash so it can pounce on a good investment the moment one turns up, instead of chasing bargains too late.
Opt In Opt in means a customer actively agrees to receive something from you, like emails, texts or updates, instead of you just adding them without asking.
Opt Out Opt Out means choosing to remove yourself from a scheme, list, or agreement that you were automatically placed in, instead of having to ask to join it.
Optimisation Optimisation means adjusting how a business runs so it gets more result from the same or fewer resources, without just working harder.
Option Option: a contract that gives you the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell something at an agreed price before a set date.
Option Buyer Option Buyer is the person who pays a small fee today to lock in the right, not the duty, to buy or sell something at a set price later.
Option Chain Option Chain is the full menu of options contracts for a stock, showing every strike price and expiry date side by side so you can compare and choose.
Option Contract Option Contract is an agreement that gives you the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset at a fixed price before a set date.
Option Premium Option premium is the price you pay to buy an option contract, the small fee that secures your right to buy or sell a stock later at a fixed price.
Option Seller Option Seller is the person who collects money upfront for taking on the risk of an option, betting that the buyer's hoped for outcome never happens.
Option Trading Option trading is buying or selling the right, not the obligation, to trade a stock at a fixed price before a set date, without ever needing to own the stock.
Optional Mortgage Insurance Optional Mortgage Insurance is cover you choose to add to a mortgage to protect loan repayment if you die, lose your job, or fall seriously ill.
Order Order means the exact instruction you give your stockbroker or trading app to buy or sell a share, stating what, how much, and at what price you will accept.
Order Book Order Book: the live list of everyone wanting to buy or sell a stock at a stated price, showing you exactly who is waiting and at what price.
Order Driven Market Order Driven Market: a stock exchange where prices come only from matching what buyers offer and what sellers ask, with no middleman setting the price.
Order Flow Order flow is the steady stream of buy and sell orders moving through a market, showing who wants in, who wants out, and how badly.
Order of Liquidity Order of Liquidity is the way a balance sheet lists assets, starting with cash and ending with the things that would take longest to sell or turn into money.
Ordinary Annuity Ordinary Annuity is a series of equal payments made at the end of each period, like rent paid after the month has passed rather than before it starts.
Ordinary Dividend Ordinary Dividend is the regular cash payment a company gives you from its profits, taxed as normal income and not the same as the special, one off kind.
Ordinary Income Ordinary income is the regular money you earn from salary, wages, business profit or rent, taxed at standard rates rather than special lower ones.
Ordinary Share Ordinary Share is the common piece of a company you can own on the Nigerian Exchange, and it pays you last but gives you the most say and the most upside.
Organic Growth Organic growth is when a business expands using its own profits and customers, not borrowed money or a big investor cheque.
Original Cost Original cost is the actual amount a business paid to buy an asset, including all the costs of getting it ready to use, before any wear and tear is subtracted.
Original Equipment Manufacturer Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) is the company that actually makes a product, even though another brand's name ends up on the label you see in the shop.
Original Issue Discount Original Issue Discount is when a bond is sold below its face value at birth, and that gap calmly becomes part of the interest you earn over time.
Origination Fee Origination fee is the amount a lender charges upfront to process and set up a new loan, usually taken off the amount you actually receive.
Other Comprehensive Income Other Comprehensive Income is the gains and losses a company has made on paper but has not yet cashed in, kept separate from the main profit figure.
Other Income Other Income is money a business earns from activities outside its main trade, like a bakery earning interest on its bank deposit instead of from selling bread.
Other Long Term Liabilities Other Long Term Liabilities are the debts a company owes beyond one year that do not fit neatly into loans or bonds, like staff pensions or deferred tax.
Other People's Money Other People’s Money is capital you borrow or raise from others to build a venture.
Out of Pocket Out of pocket means paying with your own money first, before any refund, insurance payout or reimbursement arrives to make you whole again.
Out of the Money Out of the Money means an option that would lose you money if you exercised it right now, because the market price has not reached your strike price.
Outcome Based Education Outcome Based Education is a teaching approach that judges schooling by what a student can actually do afterward, not by how many terms they sat in class.
Outflows Outflows are all the money leaving your hands or account, from rent and fuel to that small alert every time you send someone ₦2,000 for recharge card.
Outlier Outlier means a result or data point that sits far away from the normal pattern, and in investing it is the one number that refuses to behave like the rest.
Output Output is the actual amount of goods or services a business, machine, or worker produces in a given period, the result you can count or point to.
Outright Purchase Outright Purchase means paying the full price of something at once and owning it completely, with no instalments, no landlord, no shared claim.
Outsourcing Outsourcing is when a business pays another company or person to handle a task instead of doing it in house, usually to save money, time, or stress.
Outstanding Balance Outstanding balance is the amount you still owe on a loan or card, not what you borrowed originally, but what is left after payments and charges.
Outstanding Cheque Outstanding cheque: a cheque you have written and handed over, or received and paid in, that the bank has not yet processed to move the money.
Outstanding Debt Outstanding debt is the amount you still owe on a loan or bill, including anything left after your last payment, plus any interest still stacking on top.
Outstanding Shares Outstanding shares are the total shares a company has issued and investors currently hold, the number used to work out ownership and earnings per share.
Outward Remittance Outward remittance is money sent out of Nigeria, and it is far harder and more regulated than sending money in.
Over The Counter Over The Counter means shares or other securities that trade directly between two parties or through a dealer network, not on a formal exchange like the NGX.
Overall Cap Rate Overall Cap Rate is the yearly return a property gives its owner, worked out by dividing the net income it earns by what it is worth or was bought for.
Overall Liquidity Overall Liquidity is how easily a bank or a system can turn its assets into cash to meet what it owes right now, without panic or fire sale prices.
Overall Return Overall return is the total gain or loss on an investment, adding up the price change and any dividends or interest, shown as one figure or percentage.
Overbought Overbought describes a stock or asset whose price has climbed so fast and so far that it may be due a pause or a pullback.
Overcapacity Overcapacity means a factory or industry can produce far more than anyone is buying, so machines sit idle and money gets tied up doing nothing.
Overcollateralisation Overcollateralisation means offering security worth more than the loan itself, so the lender feels safe even if the value of that security drops.
Overdraft An overdraft lets you spend more money than you have in your account, and charges you heavily for the privilege.
Overdraft Facility Overdraft Facility is a bank arrangement that lets you spend more than what is in your account, up to an agreed limit, with interest charged on what you use.
Overdraft Protection Overdraft protection is an arrangement that lets your bank cover a payment even when your account has less money than the amount you are spending.
Overdue Overdue means a payment has passed its due date and is still sitting unpaid, whether it is a loan instalment, a school fee balance, or a phone bill.
Overhang Overhang is a large pile of shares waiting to be sold that keeps pressing a stock's price down until the market has fully swallowed it.
Overheads Overheads are the running costs a business pays to stay open, like rent and electricity, whether or not it sells a single thing that day.
Overheated Economy Overheated Economy: when spending and demand run so hot that prices race ahead of what the country can actually produce.
Overlay Manager Overlay Manager is a specialist who runs a layer of trades, often currency or risk hedges, on top of a portfolio that other managers already handle.
Overnight Position Overnight position is any trade or holding a trader still has open when the market closes for the day, carrying its risk into the next morning.
Overnight Rate Overnight Rate is the interest rate banks charge each other for lending money for just one night to balance their books before the next business day.
Overpayment Overpayment means you have paid the tax office more than you actually owed, and yes, they are supposed to give it back to you.
Overseas Worker Overseas worker means someone earning income abroad, usually while sending part of it home to support family, save, or invest in Nigeria.
Oversold Oversold means a stock or asset has been sold off so hard and so fast that its price has dropped below what its actual value probably supports.
Oversubscribed Oversubscribed describes a share or bond offer where investors asked for more units than the company had to sell, so applicants get scaled back or refunded.
Overtime Overtime is the extra pay you earn for working beyond your normal hours, agreed by your employer and usually calculated at a higher rate than your regular wage.
Overtrading Overtrading is doing far more buying, selling or business than your money can comfortably support, until the excitement outruns the cash to back it up.
Overweight Overweight means holding more of a stock or sector in your portfolio than its normal share would suggest, because you believe it will do well.
Owner Owner is the person who holds a real claim on an asset, more than the person using it or paying for it every month.
Owner Financing Owner financing is when the person selling a property lends you the money to buy it, so you pay them directly instead of a bank.
Owner Occupied Owner occupied means the person who owns the property is the same person living in it, not renting it out to someone else.
Ownership Ownership means the asset answers to you, not the other way round, and that difference decides whether it makes you money or eats your money.
Ownership Mindset Ownership Mindset is treating your money and work as something you are building for yourself, not a task you are doing for someone else to grade.